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Intraoral Findings
Table 14: Intraoral Findings |
Drug
|
Intraoral Manifestations
|
Alcohol Abuse
and alcoholism |
- Oral cancer
- Leukoplakia and other premalignant conditions
- Oral mucosal changes
- Inflammation of one or both parotid glands
- Oral ulceration
- Glossitis
- Angular chelitis
- Candidiasis
- Glossodynia
- Prolonged bleeding
- Facial tics
- Oral and facial
- High dental caries rate 26
- Dental erosion 26
- Bruxism
- Increased calculus deposits
- Halitosis (fruity acetone breath)
- Delayed wound healing and unpredictable treatment response
- Reduced tolerance to pain 26
|
| Stimulants |
- Xerostomia
- Clenching, grinding bruxism
|
| *Methamphetamine |
- Xerostomia
- Clenching, grinding bruxism
- Extensive and severe dental caries
- Tooth loss
|
| Cocaine, crack cocaine |
- Xerostomia
- Dental caries
- Tooth loss
- Localized attachment loss (cocaine testing-rubbing on gingival to test potency) 27
|
| Heroin |
- Dental erosion associated with frequent vomiting
|
| Long term opiate or opioid use |
- Xerostomia
- Clenching, grinding bruxism
|
| Marijuana |
- Stains often greenish gold in appearance, xerostomia, halitosis,
- Increased caries? (Due to increased appetite and consumption of highly cariogenic foods)
|
| MDMA (Ecstasy) |
- Clenching, grinding bruxism
- Xerostomia
|
| Tobacco |
- Oral cancer and precancerous lesions
- Leading risk factor for tooth loss
- Periodontitis
- Delayed wound healing
- Poorer prognosis following surgical and non surgical treatment
- Implant failure
- Abrasion (spit tobacco use)
- Increased supra and subgingival calculus deposits
|
| Inhalants |
- Sores around mouth or nose
- Stains from paint, colored markers, etc., around mouth and nose
|
*Methamphetamine 28: Methamphetamine-induced caries has been a topic of recent concern among dental professionals. The cause, while under extensive investigation, is not understood. Factors that may attribute to the unique caries pattern include xerostomia, increased sugar intake, increased ingestion of sodas flavored with citric acid that may result in a chelation reaction that cleaves enamel from dentin, severe bruxism, poor oral hygiene, not seeking dental treatment due to fear of being identified and reported due to unique caries pattern, financial difficulty. To date, no studies have been conducted that looked at base line dental caries, decalcification, or dental plaque scores so baseline dental status is unknown.
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